2011年中考复习：被动语态专题

         一、被动语态的概念

        语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，如：People grew rice in this area some years ago.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者，如：A new swimming pool will be built on our school.

        二、被动语态的构成

        被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称，数，时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下：

        1.一般现在时am/is/are+V(p.p)
        人们利用电能运转机器。

        People use electricity to run machines.

         Electricity is used to run machines.
        Is electricity used to run machines? Yes, it is . / No, it isn’t.

        2.一般过去时was/were + V(p.p)
        昨天我们在山坡上种了许多树。

        We planted many trees on the hill yesterday.
        Many trees were planted on the hill yesterday.
        Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday? Yes, they were. / No, they were not.

        3.一般将来时will/shall +be+V(p.p)
        下星期我们将举行一场运动会。

        We will hold a sports meeting next week.
        A sports meeting will be held next week.
        Will a sports meeting be held next week? Yes, it will. / No, it won’t.

        4.过去将来时should/would +be+V(p.p)
        他告诉我们人们将在他家乡建一个大水坝。

        He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his hometown.
        We were told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown.
        Were you told that a big reservoir would be built in his hometown? Yes, we were./No, we weren’t.

        5.现在进行时am/is/are +being+V(p.p)

        他正在油漆房子。

        He is painting the house. A house is being painted.
        Is the house being painted? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t .

        6.过去进行时was/were +being+V(p.p)
        当我进厨房时，她正在做蛋糕。

        She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen.
        A cake was being made when I came into the kitchen.
        Was a cake being made when I came into the kitchen? Yes, it was./ No, it wasn’t.

        7.现在完成时have/has +been+V(p.p)
        他已经结束工作了。

        He has finished his work. His work has been finished.
        Has his work been finished? Yes, it has. / No, it hasn’t.

        8.过去完成时had +been+V(p.p)
        到上个月为止，他们已经把这本书翻译成了英语。
        They had translated the book into English by the end of last month.
        The book had been translated into English by the end of last month.
        Had the book been translated into English by the end of last month? Yes, it had./ No, it hadn’t.

        9.将来完成时will have +been+V(p.p)

        The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year.
        2,000 words will have been learned by the end of next year.
        Will 2,000 words have been learned by the end of next year? Yes, they will./No, they won’t.

        10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+V(p.p)
        He told me that Mr. Brown would have taught them for two years by the next summer.
        I was told that they would have been taught by Mr. Brown for two years by the next summer.

        注：1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+be+V(p.p)”构成。如：
        You must operate the machine with care. The machine must be operated with care.
        Must the machine be operated with care? Yes, it must. / No, it mustn’t.
        2.含有“be going to”, “be to”等结构的谓语，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to +be +V(p.p)”和“be to+be+V(p.p)”。如：
        We are going to discuss the problem at the meeting.
        The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting.
        Is the problem going to be discussed at the meeting? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t.
        3.被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中。如：
        The boy got hurt when he was riding to school.
        4.被动语态没有完成进行时态，也没有将来进行时态，如果要将这些时态的主动结构变为被动结构，可以用完成时态或一般将来时态来表示。如：
        他已被检查过了。He had been being examined. 通常用He has been examined.来代替。

        当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there.

        注：Get＋过去分词也可以构成被动语态，用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如：
        the man got hurt on his way home. 那个男人在回家的路上受伤了。
        Mary is going to get married. 玛丽准备结婚了。
        How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎么破了？

        著名学者周海中教授在论文《Get-Passive研究》中指出：Get+过去分词是一种新兴的被动语态形式；目前，相对来说它的使用还没有Be+过去分词那么广泛，一般限于口语和非正式书面语；但它却有着用得愈来愈多的趋势，是一种生气蓬勃的语言现象。

        三、被动语态的几种句型
        将主动语态转换成被动语态，通常分以下四步进行：
        1.将主动语态中的宾语转换成被动语态的主语。
        2.将主动语态中的动词改为“be+V(p.p)”
        3.原来主动语态中的主语，如果需要，放在by后面以它的宾格形式出现，如没有必要，可以省略。
        4.主动语态中的其他句子成分不变。
        由于主动语态结构的不同，因而转换成被动语态的方式也各有不同，现分类说明如下：
        a.由及物动词形成的被动语态：
        (1)S+V+O 主语+动词+宾语

        People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south.
        注：带有宾语从句的句子转换成被动语态时，需要将宾语从句变为主语从句，通常用形式主语来代替，而将主语从句后置。
        They said that he would come back soon. It was said that he would come back soon.类似的还有：It is reported / believed /hoped /supposed that ...
        (2)S+V+O+C 主语+动词+宾语+宾补
        We elected Li Ming monitor of our class. Li Ming was elected monitor of our class.
        注：在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾补变为被动结构时应加上to作主语补足语。
        奴隶们被奴隶主强迫整日整夜工作。Slave-owners made slaves work all day and all night.
        Slaves were made to work all day and all night by slave-owners.
        (3)S+V+Oi+Od 主语+动词+间宾+直宾
        昨天他给了我一件漂亮的生日卡。He gave me a beautiful birthday card yesterday. I was given a beautiful birthday card yesterday.
        A beautiful birthday card was given to me yesterday.
        注：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词。如：to, for, of等，以加强间接宾语的语气。
        b.由动词短语形成的被动语态：
        一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，就可以形成被动语态。
        约翰打开了收音机。John turned on the radio. The radio was turned on.
        奶奶照看我姐姐。Grandma takes care of my sister. My sister is taken care of by Grandma.
        注：千万不要遗漏介词或副词。
        c.祈使句的被动语态通常借助let句式

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